I. Matching (15 points)
| _____ amino acids | A. building blocks of nucleic acids |
| _____ carboxyl group | B. a 5-carbon sugar found in RNA |
| _____ cellulose | C. a 3-carbon component of triglycerides |
| _____ nucleotides | D. polysaccharide composed of glucose |
| _____ fatty acids | E. may be saturated or unsaturated |
| _____ thymine | F. makes an organic molecule an "acid" |
| _____ disaccharide | G. sucrose is an example |
| _____ ribose | H. a pyrimidine found in DNA |
| _____ glycerol | I. building blocks of proteins |
| _____ ATP | J. universal "energy-carrying" molecule |
II. Fill in the blanks (30 points).
1. The _________________________ structure of a protein is the sequence of the amino acids.
2. Amino acids are held together by _____________________ bonds.
3. Breaking apart a molecule by the addition of a molecule of water is called a(n)
_________________________ reaction.
4. Enzymes have _______________ ___________________ where substrate molecules "fit."
5. Cell membranes are composed primarily of proteins and
______________________________.
6. The source of ribosomal RNA for the manufacture of ribosomes comes from the
____________________________.
7. Microtubules are composed of the protein ________________________.
8. Microscopic, cytoplasmic connections between adjacent plant cells are termed
________________________________.
9. The ____________________ are organelles involved in the assembly of proteins.
10. Stroma and grana are terms which define portions of the
___________________________.
11. The movement of substances across a membrane against a concentration gradient using energy is termed
_____________________ _________________.
12. Proton pumping across membranes in the mitochondrion and chloroplast supplies energy for the manufacture of
_____________________________ molecules.
13. Your white blood cells engulf invading bacterial cells by a process known as
___________________________________.
14. In the cell cycle, the DNA material is duplicated during _____________ phase.
15. The second law of thermodynamics predicts that ____________________ will increase if a system is left alone.
16. At the end of glycolysis, glucose is transformed into 2 molecules of
_________________________.
17. In aerobic respiration, the required oxygen is combined in a final step in oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) into
______________________.
18. These steps (number 17) take place on the ______________________ of the mitochondrion.
19. Name the group of organisms most frequently associated with alcoholic fermentation pathways.
_______________________________.
20. The light dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place in the
____________________ of the chloroplast.
21. A waste product of non-cyclic photophosphorylation in chloroplasts is
_____________________ and is released by green plants during the day.
22. The enzyme which functions in the Calvin Cycle combining CO2 and RuBp is
_____________________________ , an ancient and probably the most common enzyme on the planet.
23. C4 plants are generally thought of as more efficient photosynthesizers because they to not carry out the energetically wasteful process of
__________________________________.
24. The exchange of genetic information during meiosis I between homologous chromosomes is termed
________________________ ________________________.
25. A cross where a plant with red flowers is mated with a plant with white flowers and the offspring plants produce pink flowers is an example of
______________________ ______________________.
26. A bell-shaped curve frequently represents the results of
_________________________ inheritance.
27. The exchange of genetic information between non-homologous chromosomes is a type of mutation called a
__________________________________.
28. In plants, meiosis produces _____________________ while in animals this type of cell division produces
_________________________.
29. If a type A man reproduces with a type B woman, their children could be types
_____, _____, ______, or ______ (4 answers).
III. True or False (40 points)
_____ 1. Starch and cellulose are both composed of glucose units.
_____ 2. If a compound gains electrons, it is said to have been oxidized.
_____ 3. Enzymes reduce the "activation energy" need to drive biological reactions.
_____ 4. RNA and DNA are both double helix-type molecules.
_____ 5. Saturated fats are commonly produced as storage products by plants.
_____ 6. Waxes, suberin and cutin are polysaccharides.
_____ 7. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are both double membrane bound organelles.
_____ 8. The cell wall of a plant cell is outside the cell membrane.
_____ 9. Golgi bodies are found in both plant and animal cells.
_____ 10. The tonoplast is the membrane surrounding the mitochondrion.
_____ 11. 9+2 structure refers to the arrangement of macrofibrils in the cell wall.
_____ 12. Water always moves from a hypertonic solution to a hypotonic one.
_____ 13. Membrane proteins may function as binding sites, transport proteins, and for chemical signal recognition.
_____ 14. Chemical reactions which require energy input are generally termed endothermic (endergonic).
_____ 15. NAD, FAD, and cytochromes are molecules frequently called "electron carrier" molecules.
_____ 16. In human females, each primary oocyte which undergoes meiosis produces 4 haploid egg cells.
_____ 17. Cell plate formation is the usual manner of cytokinesis in plant cells.
_____ 18. Visible light is generally considered to include the range of 350 to 750 nanometers in the electromagnetic spectrum.
_____ 19. Glycolysis takes place in the mitochondrion.
_____ 20. Organisms which carry out fermentation gain 36 ATP’s from the metabolism of one molecule of glucose.
_____ 21. ONLY bacterial cells can carry out lactic acid fermentation.
_____ 22. The Kreb’s Cycle takes place in the chloroplast during the daytime.
_____ 23. One molecule of glucose can yield 72 ATP’s if completely metabolized.
_____ 24. Chlorophyll molecules only absorb light energy in the green portion of the spectrum.
_____ 25. Chlorophyll molecules contain magnesium.
_____ 26. Carotenoid pigments are helpful in photosynthesis because they widen the spectrum of light energies which can help drive the process.
_____ 27. CAM plants carry out the C4 pathway activities at night.
_____ 28. Corn is a C4-type grass.
_____ 29. Most C4 plants are of tropical origin.
_____ 30. During prophase of meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up. This does not happen during mitosis.
_____ 31. AaBb x AaBb (assuming normal dominance) would yield offspring with representing FOUR phenotypes.
_____ 32. Just before the beginning of meiosis II, the DNA material replicates again.
_____ 33. Independent assortment of genetic traits (Mendel’s Second Law) works as long as the traits are on the same pair of homologous chromosomes.
_____ 34. Seedless watermelons are seedless because they are triploid (3N).
_____ 35. Two normal visioned parents can have a color blind child.
_____ 36. At the end of meiosis, each resulting cell is genetically unique.
_____ 37. In a test cross one of the individuals is the homozygous recessive.
_____ 38. Alternate forms of a gene are termed alleles.
_____ 39. XXX and XYY human beings are the result of meiotic errors known as pleiotropic errors.
_____ 40. Bundle sheath cells of C4 grasses carry out the C3 pathway of carbon fixation during the daytime.
IV. What are the five major concepts (ideas) in biology as outlined in class? (5 points).
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
V. Genetics Problem (10 points).
Now is the season for the migration of monarch butterflies. Millions will spend the winter in the remote mountains of central Mexico. However, some are not good navigators, and seldom make the trip successfully. Fortunately for the survival of the species, they are in the minority. Those few poor navigators who to successfully arrive and mate in the Mexican highlands, however, may also be rather pale in color, sort of a washed out orange (too many times through the wash without "Color Guard Cheer"). These are the rarest combination. There are also frequently found pale colored/good navigators and dark orange types with poor navigation instincts.
I have a captive population of these critters in my back yard and have been breeding them. However, I still have a few "normal (dark orange/good navigator)" type individuals which puzzle me as to their genetic makeup. I don’t know if they are "true breeding" good navigators with dark orange coloration or not. I recently "crossed" these with my rare population of poor navigators/pale orange types and got the following results:
195 dark orange/good navigators (I have a computer simulation program that the butterflies take to test navigation skills)
205 pale orange/poor navigators
210 dark orange/poor navigators
190 pale orange/good navigators
1. From these data, what is the genotype of my "normal" individuals?
____________________________ (use N for navigation trait and O for color trait) (2 points).
Construct a Punnett Square of the cross which indicates the correctness of your answer (4 points).
2. Would you say that these "normal" individuals I used in the above cross would be "true breeding" if mated with each other?
_______________________ (yes or no) (2 points).
3. What would be the genotype of an dark orange/good navigator individual who, when mated with my pale/poor navigator type, gave these results:
315 good navigator/dark orange
305 good navigator/pale orange
__________________________ (2 points).